Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
Highlights
Over the last two decades, the role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in immunosuppressive responses has been documented in different contexts and diseases [1]
In order to understand better how B cells integrate the different signals that endorse them with the capacity to produce IL-10, we considered relevant to present a general overview of the intracellular pathways involved in this process
FasL+ B cells recovered from tumor-draining lymph nodes were capable of killing tumor cells in vitro [483, 484]. These results show that FasL+ Bregs are generated under inflammatory conditions and that they may play a role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and control of exacerbated responses but can be responsible for inflammation-induced damage and anti-tumoral immunity
Summary
Over the last two decades, the role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in immunosuppressive responses has been documented in different contexts and diseases [1]. Bregs remain a functionally defined population based on their capacity to suppress pro-inflammatory responses in vitro or in vivo, as opposed to effector B cells, which produce proinflammatory molecules or induce other cells to do it.
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