Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential nonhematopoietic progenitor cells that are isolated from many adult tissues, in particular from the bone marrow and adipose tissue. Along with their capacity for differentiating into cells of mesodermal lineage, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes, these cells have also generated great interest for their ability to display immunomodulatory capacities. Indeed, a major breakthrough came with the finding that they are able to induce peripheral tolerance, suggesting they may be used as therapeutic tools in immune-mediated disorders. The present review aims at discussing the current knowledge on the targets and mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunosuppression as well as the potential use of MSCs as modulators of immune responses in a variety of diseases related to alloreactive immunity or autoimmunity
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), named multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, are largely studied as new therapeutic tools for a number of clinical applications
MSCs are distinguished from hematopoietic cells by being negative for the cell surface markers CD11b, CD14, CD34, CD45 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR but expressing CD73, CD90 and CD105
MSCs inhibit in vitro the maturation of monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells into dendritic cells (DCs), as shown by a decreased cellsurface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and co-stimulatory molecules, as well as a decreased production of IL-12 and TNFα [16,19,41]
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), named multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, are largely studied as new therapeutic tools for a number of clinical applications. The production of HLA-G5 by MSCs has more recently been shown to suppress T-cell proliferation, as well as natural killer cell cytotoxicity and T-cell cytotoxicity, and to promote the generation of regulatory T (TREG) cells [25,26].
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