Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) obtained from green seaweeds are structurally heterogeneous molecules with multifunctional bioactivities. In this work, two sulfated and pyruvated galactans were purified from Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata (named SP1 and SP2), and their immunostimulatory effect was evaluated using cultured murine macrophage cells. Both SPs equally increased the production of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. NMR spectroscopy revealed that both galactans were composed primarily of 3)-β-d-Galp-(1→3) units. Pyruvate groups were also found, forming five-membered cyclic ketals as 4,6-O-(1’carboxy)-ethylidene-β-d-Galp residues. Some galactoses are sulfated at C-2. In addition, only SP2 showed some galactose units sulfated at C-4, indicating that sulfation at this position is not essential for the immunomodulatory activity of these galactans. Overall, the data showed that the galactans of C. cupressoides exhibited immunostimulating activity with potential therapeutic applications, which can be used in the development of new biomedical products.
Highlights
Current epidemiological data indicate an increase in immunological diseases
We found two signals that correspond to O-methyl-rhamnose (3.57/80.6 ppm) and (3.42/81.8 ppm) [33,34]
We found two signals that correspond to O-methyl-rhamnose (3.57/80.6 ppm)6 of and
Summary
Current epidemiological data indicate an increase in immunological diseases. This has stimulated the search for a class of molecules, generally called immunomodulatory molecules, capable of increasing or suppressing the immune response in immune-mediated diseases [1].Research on natural compounds that can modulate the immune response has become a focus in the experimental field, since such compounds have potential applications in the areas of immunopharmacology and oncotherapy. Current epidemiological data indicate an increase in immunological diseases This has stimulated the search for a class of molecules, generally called immunomodulatory molecules, capable of increasing or suppressing the immune response in immune-mediated diseases [1]. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 234 from plants, fungi, and seaweed are able to modify various cellular processes and possess a variety of bioactivities, potent effects on immune function [2,3,4]. Drugs 2020, 18, 234 from plants, fungi, and seaweed are able to modify various cellular processes and possess a variety of bioactivities, potent effects on immune function [2,3,4] Immunostimulatory compounds, such as sulfated polysaccharides (SPs), have potential applications in the treatment of infections, immunodeficiencies, and cancer [5]
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