Abstract
Intensive cultivation of Tilapia with high stock density and continuous artificial feeding will decrease the water quality and increase the growth of pathogenic bacteria. That situation led to the fish stressed so that the fish become the target of bacterial pathogen attacks. Alternatively, the environmental friendly treatment using herbal immunostimulant to solve that problem is required. The herbal in this study used neem leaf ( A zadirachta indica A. Juss). The aim of this study was to evaluate ethanol fraction of neem leaf on immunostimulant activity of Oreochromis niloticus . In this study, the extraction method used maceration. Fractionation methods were using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Column Chromatography (CC). The biological component was analyzed using Phytochemical, FTIR and GC-MS methods. TLC test showed that ethyl acetate: n-hexane (1:1, v/v) result in brightest luminescence colors on the plates of silica gel under UV light (365 nm). The chromatography column from the ethanol extract of neem leaf ( A. indica A. Juss) showed that separation of the fraction was done based on the formation of color, which obtained 5 (five) types of fractions. The results of the phytochemical test for the fraction 4 of neem leaf contains two compounds, i.e. flavonoids (+) and triterpenoids (++). The FTIR test showed that fraction 4 of neem leaves contain a class of terpenoid and flavonoid compounds. GCMS test results on fraction 4 of the neem leaves ( A. indica A. Juss) obtained the high peak, which has 4 terpenoid compounds, 1 compound of flavonoid, and 1 type of lauric acid. The total leukocyte of the fish test increased after treated with fraction 4 of neem leaf ( A. indica A. Juss) compared with control on day 7 after injection, i.e. 25.29 x 10 4 cells.mL -1 . Keywords: fraction, leukocyte, Neem Leaves, Tilapia, Phytochemicals.
Highlights
INTRODUCTION1 Production targets of tilapia fish are still below the expectation
With the bad condition of the cultivation media, the fish become stress so that the fish become the target of bacterial pathogen attacks that grow fast in the maintenance media resulting in the failure for reaching the production target [2,3,4]
Neem leaves are used as an antimicrobial because the extract of neem leaf can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria both for grampositive and gram-negative bacteria [10,11,12]
Summary
INTRODUCTION1 Production targets of tilapia fish are still below the expectation. Production target of the fish at 2016 was 1,882,200 tons while it only realized for 1,187,812 tons, and the target until 2019 is 2,500,600 tons.year-1 [1]. Juss) ethanol extract on the peritoneal macrophage cell number in mouse-induced BCG vaccine in which macrophages are innate immunity that serves as an initial defense against infection by phagocytosis process. It plays an important role as the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) that initiates and directs immunity to the cellular immune system [15]. Based on these facts in the framework of the cultivation development activities, especially for tilapia, it is necessary to evaluate the ethanol fraction of neem leaf
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