Immunoregulatory Roles of Extracellular Vesicles and Associated Therapeutic Applications in Lung Cancer.

Zhengrong Yin,Mei Zhou,Tingting Liao,Yang Li,Wei Geng,Limin Duan,Yang Jin,Feng Wu,Juanjuan Xu,Sufei Wang,Jinshuo Fan

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.02024

Zhengrong Yin, Mei Zhou + Show 9 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02024

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Abstract

Lung cancer represents a fatal condition that has the highest morbidity and mortality among malignancies. The currently available treatments fall short of improving the survival and quality of life of late-stage lung cancer patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by tumors or immune cells transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to other cells, thereby mediating immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment. The cargo carried by EVs vary by cellular state or extracellular milieu. So far, multiple studies have suggested that EVs from lung tumor cells (TEVs) or immune cells promote tumor progression mainly through suppressing antitumor immunity. However, modified or engineered EVs can be used as vaccines to elicit antitumor immunity. In addition, blocking the function of immunosuppressive EVs and using EVs carrying immunogenic medicine or EVs from certain immune cells also shows great potential in lung cancer treatment. To provide information for future studies on the role of EVs in lung cancer immunity, this review focus on the immunoregulatory role of EVs and associated treatment applications in lung cancer.

Highlights

Lung cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer, accounting for 11.6% of total cases, and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, responsible for 18.4% of total cancer deaths around the globe [1] with its 5-year survival being 19% [2]
We principally review the roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of intercellular communication between tumor and immune cells in the modulation of antitumor immunity and relevant therapeutic applications in lung cancer
There is still no definitive markers and effective isolation methods for different EV subtypes [9, 107]. This means that certain subtypes of EVs in existing studies are most likely to be a mixture of different EV subsets in various proportions

Summary

Introduction

Lung cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed cancer, accounting for 11.6% of total cases, and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, responsible for 18.4% of total cancer deaths around the globe [1] with its 5-year survival being 19% [2]. EVs have been increasingly shown to take part in the communication between tumor cells and MDSCs. Research in mice and humans shows that TEXs (including lung cancer exosomes) can activate immunosuppressive function of MDSCs [21]. Modified EVs From Lung Cancer Cells natural TEVs mainly mediate immunosuppressive roles in lung cancer as aforementioned, TEVs do share similar antigens with donor tumor cells as indicated by their ability to induce a tumor-specific immune response [25].

Results

Conclusion