Immunopathogenesis Based Adamantiades- Behcet Disease Vasculitis Treatment

Abstract

All immune cell lineages arise from the multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow. The development and regulation of immune system cells (immune homeostasis) depends on the programmed appearance of specific cell surface molecules (e.g. receptors) and responsiveness to certain cytokines and chemokines. After maturation, the immune system cells include antigen presenting cells (APCs), other phagocytic cells like neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes which include T lymphocytes, Β lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Depending on an initial stimulus and the microenvironmental conditions at a given time, each lymphocyte lineage can be subdivided to different populations with discrete specialized functions. Subpopulations of crucial importance are CD4+ T cells (mainly Th1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory cells) and CD8+ T cells, CD16and CD16+ NK cells and CD5+ and CD5B cells. As a structure, the immune system consists of central locations of immune cell production and differentiation (bone marrow and thymus) and peripheral organs, where encounter with antigen and response to it occurs, that is the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils and mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Mucosal surfaces and the skin provide the main primary access for foreign antigens to meet cells of the immune system, where they first react primarily with APCs. Innate immunity includes skin and mucosal barriers, as well as the innate immune cells that are triggered and react in minutes after they encounter ‘foreign’ material. The innate immune system, as it represents the first line of host defense against foreign entities, is regarded as a nonspecific system and its main role is to engulf and eliminate pathogens, trigger pro-inflammatory responses and present antigens to adaptive immune cells, which are subsequently activated. More recently it has been shown that the innate immune system has a necessary degree of specificity that enables it to discriminate between self and foreign particles (e.g. microorganisms). Germline encoded and constitutively expressed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)like Toll receptors on innate immune cells, help them to discriminate highly conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which activate specific signaling pathways that lead to robust but well-defined innate immune responses. Research on innate immunity is progressively uncovering molecular and cellular mechanisms by which it recognizes environment and reacts to it, leading to protective or