Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a vital biological process that aids skin regeneration upon injury. Wound healing failure results from persistent inflammatory conditions observed in diabetes, or autoimmune diseases like psoriasis. Chronic wounds are incurable due to factors like poor oxygenation, aberrant function of peripheral sensory nervature, inadequate nutrients and blood tissue supply. The most significant hallmark of chronic wounds is heavily aberrant immune skin function. The immune response in humans relies on a large network of signalling molecules and their interactions. Research studies have reported on the dual role of host defence peptides (HDPs), which are also often called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Their duality reflects their potential for acting as antibacterial peptides, and as immunodulators that assist in modulating several biological signalling pathways related to processes such as wound healing, autoimmune disease, and others. HDPs may differentially control gene regulation and alter the behaviour of epithelial and immune cells, resulting in modulation of immune responses. In this review, we shed light on the understanding and most recent advances related to molecular mechanisms and immune modulatory features of host defence peptides in human skin wound healing. Understanding their functional role in skin immunity may further inspire topical treatments for chronic wounds.
Highlights
Acute wounds in diabetic patients can adopt and portray the chronicity of the nonhealing wounds due to bottom-line complications like the duration of diabetes or vascular disease paired with peripheral neuropathies [1]
Host defence expressed byfactors skin cells induced by immune response, act via signalling proteinspeptides belonging to growth like are Factorand (VEGF), via signalling proteins belonging to growth factors like
The inflammatory phase is characterised by infiltration of immune cells, Epidermal growth factor (EGF) release initiates the re-epithelialization of the episuch as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which aim to eliminate pathogens dermis
Summary
Acute wounds in diabetic patients can adopt and portray the chronicity of the nonhealing wounds due to bottom-line complications like the duration of diabetes or vascular disease paired with peripheral neuropathies [1]. Host defence peptides and their synthetic analogues called peptidomimetics, which contain sequences built by natural and unnatural amino acids [15] These building blocks determine the signature physiochemical properties, which are the charge (neutral or positive) and the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. The challenges associated with creating a non-immunogenic peptide without the potentially adverse effects observed in natural HDPs may be defeated by the modification of internal sequences or single amino acid substitutions [21,22]. An example of such peptides is innate defence regulator peptides (IDR peptides) [23,24]. Specific signature structure properties that allow synthetic peptides to exert immunomodulatory properties are yet not well defined in the literature and are quite diverse
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