Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of ethanol extract of the pulp of Canarium ovatum (COPE).Methods: The immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of the pulp of C. ovatum was investigated in vivo using Balb/C mice. Extract doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg were orally administered to study its effect on delayed type hypersensitivity and humoral antibody response using sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Acute oral toxicity profile and phytochemical analysis were also determined.Results: Orally -administered COPE did not exhibit any mortality or signs of toxicity at doses 300 - 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of biologically-active compounds such as sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins. Treatment with COPE for 7 days stimulated the early phase of DTH response through significant increase in foot pad thickness (111.87 ± 9.97 % at 300 mg/kg, and 91.27 ± 7.81 % at 600 mg/kg), when compared to distilled water and cyclophosphamide (CP) groups. Similarly, COPE significantly enhanced antibody titer, with highest titer at the dose of 300 mg/kg. Histological observations of the spleen showed follicles with active germinal centers and proliferating lymphocytes, which are consistent with the immunostimulatory effects of COPE.Conclusion: These results show that COPE has stimulatory effects on cellular and humoral responses in mice, indicating its potential as an immunostimulatory agent.Keywords: Immunomodulation, Canarium ovatum, Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, Antibody titer, Pili pulp
Highlights
Immunomodulation is a process in which the immune system is either stimulated or suppressed in response to certain conditions [1]
Phytochemical screening of ethanol extract of the pulp of Canarium ovatum showed that it contained sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins (Table 1)
The administration of the extract for 7 days produced an increase in percentage edema index 2 h after sheep red blood cells (SRBC) challenge, and significantly enhanced the titer of circulating antibody, with 300 mg/kg eliciting a higher titer (Table 3)
Summary
Immunomodulation is a process in which the immune system is either stimulated or suppressed in response to certain conditions [1]. The resultant dry powder was weighed and dissolved in distilled water to obtain the various concentrations of the extract (COPE) used in subsequent experiments. The results of the acute toxicity study showed no mortality and no sign of toxicity at doses of 300 to 2000 mg/kg of C. ovatum pulp extract in mice. On day 7, the left hind paw thickness was determined in all mice, after which they were subcutaneously challenged with 1x108 SRBC which was administered in the same footpad. In the test for the in vivo antibody production, all mice were sensitized with SRBC (1 x 108), and the plant extract was administered daily through oral gavage from the time of sensitization for 14 days. Groups were compared for statistically significant differences using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test
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