Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptor, a significant G protein-coupled receptor, is classified into two families: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor families, with further formation of homodimers, heteromers, and receptor mosaic. Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system can be affected by the nervous system and neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. Recently, the role of the DA receptor in inflammation has been widely studied, mainly focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB pathway, and immune cells. This article provides a brief review of the structures, functions, and signaling pathways of DA receptors and their relationships with inflammation. With detailed descriptions of their roles in Parkinson disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, this article provides a theoretical basis for drug development targeting DA receptors in inflammatory diseases.
Highlights
Dopamine (DA), a member of a group of neurotransmitters called “catecholamines”, relies on the conversion of tyrosine to L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
Integrating the knowledge acquired by those studies, evidences indicate that stimulation of low-affinity Dopamine receptors (DRs) are coupled to anti-inflammatory mechanisms, while high-affinity DRs have opposite effects (Table 1)
Some experiments demonstrated that the inhibitory effect on IL-8 release is not significant [146]. These findings suggest that DRs expressed on synovial fibroblasts in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients may mainly participate in cell migration rather than inflammatory processes
Summary
Dopamine (DA) receptor, a significant G protein-coupled receptor, is classified into two families: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor families, with further formation of homodimers, heteromers, and receptor mosaic. Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system can be affected by the nervous system and neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. The role of the DA receptor in inflammation has been widely studied, mainly focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-kB pathway, and immune cells. This article provides a brief review of the structures, functions, and signaling pathways of DA receptors and their relationships with inflammation. With detailed descriptions of their roles in Parkinson disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, this article provides a theoretical basis for drug development targeting DA receptors in inflammatory diseases
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