Abstract
Ebolaviruses, discovered in 1976, belongs to the Filoviridae family, which also includes Marburg and Lloviu viruses. They are negative-stranded RNA viruses with six known species identified to date. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of Zaire ebolavirus species and can cause the Ebola virus disease (EVD), an emerging zoonotic disease that results in homeostatic imbalance and multi-organ failure. There are three EBOV outbreaks documented in the last six years resulting in significant morbidity (>32,000 cases) and mortality (>13,500 deaths). The potential factors contributing to the high infectivity of this virus include multiple entry mechanisms, susceptibility of the host cells, employment of multiple immune evasion mechanisms and rapid person-to-person transmission. EBOV infection leads to cytokine storm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, host T cell apoptosis as well as cell mediated and humoral immune response. In this review, a concise recap of cell types targeted by EBOV and EVD symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented. At last, the vaccine and drug development initiatives as well as challenges related to the management of infection have been discussed.
Highlights
The Filoviridae family includes enveloped, non-segmented, negative–strand RNA ebolaviruses belonging to the genus Ebolavirus [1]
A concise recap of cell types targeted by Ebola virus (EBOV) and Ebola virus disease (EVD) symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented
Ebola virus disease (EVD), earlier known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a fatal illness that has been described in humans as well as primates such as monkeys, chimpanzees and gorillas
Summary
The Filoviridae family includes enveloped, non-segmented, negative–strand RNA ebolaviruses belonging to the genus Ebolavirus [1]. Six Ebolavirus species have been identified out of which, members of four species are known to be human pathogens [2] These viruses are Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV) and Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) belonging to. During the 2018 outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Ervebo vaccine (Ebola Zaire Vaccine, Live), which is based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vector, was recommended for compassionate and investigational use in the areas with the highest risk of EVD [21]. This vaccine conferred immunogenicity against EBOV during the 2014 epidemic, prompting the European Medicine. Despite the encouraging news on the vaccine approval, there is a long way to complete, global protection against future EBOV outbreaks
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