Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 infection spread rapidly throughout the world and appears to involve in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. SARS-CoV-2 is attached to host cells via binding to the viral spike (S) proteins and its cellular receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Consequently, the S protein is primed with serine proteases TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, which facilitate the fusion of viral and cellular membranes result in the entry of viral RNA into the host cell. Vaccines are urgently required to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and aid in the recovery to pre-pandemic levels of normality. The long-term protective immunity is provided by the vaccine antigen (or pathogen)-specific immune effectors and the activation of immune memory cells that can be efficiently and rapidly reactivated upon pathogen exposure. Research efforts aimed towards the design and development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are increasing. Numerous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have passed late-stage clinical investigations with promising outcomes. This review focuses on the present state and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines research and development, with a particular emphasis on immunological mechanisms of various COVID-19vaccines such as adenoviral vector-based vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines that elicits immunological responses against SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans.
Highlights
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered the coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan and spread quickly throughout the world
These include Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines BNT162b2 which is developed by Pfizer/BioNtech elicits an immunological response including IgG, IgA, CD8+ cells, or CD4+ cells, while mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna mainly induces CD8 T cell response
In this review, we describe the immunological mechanisms of various COVID-19 vaccines that elicits immunological responses against
Summary
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered the coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan and spread quickly throughout the world. Various vaccines, comprising mRNA, adenoviral-vectored, protein subunit, and whole-cell inactivated virus vaccines, have shown their effectiveness in phase III clinical studies and have been granted emergency approval in several countries. These include mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 which is developed by Pfizer/BioNtech elicits an immunological response including IgG, IgA, CD8+ cells, or CD4+ cells, while mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna mainly induces CD8 T cell response. Specific ELISA antibody responses to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and neutralizing antibody responses
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