Immunological Implications in Diabetes: A Review on Various Diseases and Conditions

Abstract

Abstract:: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a long-term metabolic condition that has significant social, health, and economic consequences. There are various forms of diabetes mellitus, but the two most common varieties are type I and type II. Insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) is one of the most wellknown autoimmune illnesses that cause insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia by either damaging or destroying Langerhans' beta cells. Available scientific data evidenced the greatest genetic contribution of Human Leukocyte Antigen class II in the IDDM. Hyperglycemia and individual components of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome put people with type II diabetes at increased risk for microvascular consequences (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) as well as macrovascular issues (cardiovascular comorbidities). A number of pathophysiological abnormalities, including obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity, as well as genetic variables, are involved in the disturbed glucose homeostasis associated with type II diabetes. Diseases like lipid abnormalities contribute to the progression of diabetes, whereas obesity and its related medical disorders (such as hypertension, diabetes, insulin resistance, and sleep apnea syndrome) are eventually linked to an elevated cardiovascular risk. Diabetes raises the incidence, intensity, and duration of peri-densities in people with diabetes compared to healthy persons, making it a risk factor for periodontal disease. Diabetes conditions in patients concurrently also increase the progression or risk of other diseases, i.e., cardiovascular- related diseases (hypertension, oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia), nervous system-related diseases, and COVID-19, by increasing the overall infection rate. There is widespread evidence that correlates the direct connection between diabetes and other diseases, including immunity disorders, CVS disorders, etc. This review provides a correlation between diabetes and another disease with an overall impact on the progression of cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, COVID-19, and periodontal diseases. This current review focuses on the collation of some plants that show antidiabetic activity, including plant part, family, chemical constituent, mechanism of action, and chemical used for extraction. Studies on the role, causes, clinical management, prevention, and treatment of diabetes heavily rely on epidemiological evidence. This review also explains different factors responsible for diabetes, like genetic factors, environmental factors, and viral infections.