Immunologic transplant reactions after non-mechanical corneal trepanation with the excimer laser

Abstract

Nonmechanical trephination has been established as the standard procedure in penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for avascular corneal diseases at our institution. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence and reversibility of immunologic graft reactions after nonmechanical trephination and to detect potentially causative factors. Out of a total series of 400 nonmechanical PKs, 286 consecutive procedures with sufficient follow-up performed between 07/1989 and 09/1997 were included in the study (104 x keratoconus, 78 x Fuchs' dystrophies, 31 x bullous keratopathies, 28 x ulcers, 25 x avascular scars, 12 x stromal dystrophies, 4 x buphthalmos, 4 x others; 202 x PK only, 84 x combined procedures; 276 first PK). The age of the 138 females and 148 males at the time of surgery ranged from 16 to 89 (mean 55 +/- 19) years. The recipient and donor trephinations were performed from the epithelial side using an 193-mm excimer laser (MEL50 or MEL60, Aesculap-Meditec, 1.5 x 1.5 mm spot mode, 16-24 mJ/pulse, repetition rate 30 or 25/s; metal masks). The shape of the recipient trephination was either circular with four or eight "orientation teeth" (n = 251; 5.0-8.0 mm diameter) or elliptical (n = 35, 6.0 x 7.0 to 7.5 x 8.5 mm diameter). In 62% of procedures fresh or short-term-preserved donor tissue was used, and in 38% of procedures the donor tissue was organ-culture-preserved. During a mean follow-up of 22 +/- 18 months (maximum 7.7 years), 10 acute diffuse (3 irreversible; 1.0%) and 3 chronic focal endothelial graft reactions occurred (4.5%) not earlier than 4 months and not later than 35 months after PK. Elective procedures (3.5%) resulted in significantly (P = 0.01) less reactions than acute corneal ulcers (14.3%). After 1, 2 and 3 years, the cumulative reaction rates (Kaplan-Meier values) were 1.3%, 6.3% and 13.9% in elective procedures, none of which, however, occurred after 26 elliptical trephinations. With fresh or short-term-preserved donor tissue (4.2%), graft reactions did not happen more frequently but earlier (12 +/- 6 months) than with organ-culture-preserved donor tissue (2.2%, 30 +/- 6 months). In patients with keratoconus (4.9%), reactions occurred more frequently (P = 0.05, LogRank) and earlier than in patients with Fuchs' dystrophy (1.3%). In addition to well-established optical advantages, nonmechanical trephination seems to have no immunologic drawbacks.