Abstract
To evaluate the effect of GuttaFlow bioseal (GFB) and MTA Fillapex (MTAF) in comparison with Endofill (EF) in the subcutaneous tissue. Polyethylene tubes with GFB, MTAF, EF or empty tubes (control group; CG) were implanted into subcutaneous of rats. After 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the capsule thickness, inflammatory reaction, interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caspase-3, TUNEL-positive cells, von Kossa and ultrastructural features were evaluated. The data were statistically analyzed (p ≤ 0.05). At all periods, the number of IL-6- and VEGF-immunolabelled cells, and capsule thickness were lower in GFB than MTAF, which was lower than EF (p < 0.0001). At 60 days, the number of inflammatory cells was similar in GFB and MTAF (p = 0.58). Significant differences in the number of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells were not observed among GFB, MTAF and CG whereas the highest values were found in EF specimens. The EF specimens exhibited several cells with condensed chromatin, typical of apoptosis. von Kossa-positive and birefringent structures were only observed in GFB and MTAF, suggesting the presence of calcite crystals. Taken together, these results show that cellular and structural damage induced by GFB and MTAF sealers were recovery over time. Moreover, these sealers express bioactive potential in subcutaneous tissue.
Highlights
The clinical use indication of root canal sealers depends on their physicochemical and biological properties
The tissue response promoted by the biomaterial at the interface of the opening of the polyethylene tube with the subcutaneous connective tissue allows us to visualize the reaction caused by material in the connective tissues of the periapical region when used as an endodontic sealer
The endodontic sealers promoted initially an inflammatory reaction accompanied by enhanced immunoexpression for IL-6, the findings revealed that the recruitment of inflammatory cells induced by GuttaFlow bioseal (GFB) was significantly lower than the MTA Fillapex (MTAF) and EF
Summary
The clinical use indication of root canal sealers depends on their physicochemical and biological properties. The MTA Fillapex (MTAF; MTA Fillapex; Angelus) was launched in the market as a resin-based root canal sealer containing tricalcium silicate (13.2%) besides silica nanoparticles[11], and bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) as a radiopacifier[12,13,14] This sealer, in the initial www.nature.com/scientificreports periods, shows great cytotoxicity[15] and induces an accentuated inflammatory infiltrate[15,16,17]. The use of polyethylene tubes filled with biomaterials implanted into subcutaneous connective tissue is a methodology recommended by ISO 1099330 to evaluate biocompatibility of dental materials These implants simulate a similar condition to that observed in the root canal filling where the endodontic sealer has contact with connective tissue and tissue fluid through the apical foramen[3,31,32]. The tissue response promoted by the biomaterial at the interface of the opening of the polyethylene tube with the subcutaneous connective tissue allows us to visualize the reaction caused by material in the connective tissues of the periapical region when used as an endodontic sealer
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