Abstract
The causes of otitis media (OM) involve bacterial and viral infection, anatomo-physiological abnormalities of the Eustachian canal and nasopharynx, allergic rhinitis, group childcare centers, second-hand smoking, obesity, immaturity and defects of the immune system, formula feeding, sex, race, and age. OM is accompanied by complex and diverse interactions among bacteria, viruses, inflammatory cells, immune cells, and epithelial cells. The present study summarizes the antibodies that contribute to immune reactions in all types of otitis media, including acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, and chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma, as well as the transcription factors that induce the production of these antibodies. The types and distribution of B cells; the functions of B cells, especially in otorhinolaryngology; antibody formation in patients with otitis media; and antibodies and related transcription factors are described. B cells have important functions in host defenses, including antigen recognition, antigen presentation, antibody production, and immunomodulation. The phenotypes of B cells in the ear, nose, and throat, especially in patients with otitis media, were shown to be CD5low, CD23high, CD43low, B220high, sIgMlow, sIgDhigh, Mac-1low, CD80(B7.1)low, CD86(B7.2)low, and Syndecam-1low. Of the five major classes of immunoglobulins produced by B cells, three (IgG, IgA, and IgM) are mainly involved in otitis media. Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM are lower in patients with OM with effusion (OME) than in subjects without otitis media. Moreover, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in the middle ear cavity are increased during immune responses in patients with otitis media. B cell leukemia/lymphoma-6 (Bcl-6) and paired box gene 5 (Pax-5) suppress antibody production, whereas B lymphocyte inducer of maturation program 1 (Blimp-1) and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) promote antibody production during immune responses in patients with otitis media.
Highlights
The concentration of IgG-ICs was the highest in the acute and chronic phases, whereas the concentration of IgA-ICs was the highest in the subacute phase. These results suggested that immune complexes in the tympanic cavity may play an important role in the prolonged inflammatory process of OM with effusion (OME) by activating the complement following the chemotaxis of neutrophils [51]
otitis media (OM) can result in various complications, including those regarding the temporal bone, and requires surgical treatment
The occurrence of otitis media is accompanied by the production of B cell-related antibodies during acute and chronic inflammation of the middle ear cavity
Summary
Acute OM (AOM) and OME can cause structural changes in the tympanic membrane, with histologic alterations observed in the fibrous layers of the lamina propria. Acute inflammation of the middle ear causes pathological be risk factors for chronicity. The development of OM involves the interactions of various bacteria; viruses; epithelial, inflammatory, and immune cells; and effusions. These factors may respond to each other in a complex manner. Were prospective and retrospective investigational studies; (2) included patients diagnosed with acute OM, OME, COM without cholesteatoma, or COM with cholesteatoma, while excluding patients with complications of OM; and 3) included human patients only. Keywords searched included OM, acute OM, OME, COM without cholesteatoma, COM with cholesteatoma, immunoglobulin, and antibody
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