Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major virulence factor present in the outer membrane of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from Salmonella show high immunogenicity and provide protection against Salmonella infection, and truncated LPS alters the outer membrane composition of the cell wall. In our previous study, we demonstrated that Salmonella mutants carrying truncated LPS failed to induce strong immune responses and cross-reaction to other enteric bacteria, due to their high attenuation and low colonization in the host. Therefore, we plan to investigate whether outer membrane proteins from Salmonella mutants with truncated LPS resulting from a series of nonpolar mutations, including ∆waaC12, ∆waaF15, ∆waaG42, ∆rfaH49, ∆waaI43, ∆waaJ44, ∆waaL46, ∆wbaP45 and ∆wzy-48, affect immunogenicity and provide protection against diverse Salmonella challenge. In this study, the immunogenicity and cross-protection efficiency of purified OMPs from all mutants were investigated to explore a potential OMP vaccine to protect against homologous or heterologous serotype Salmonella challenge. The results demonstrated that OMPs from three Salmonella mutants (∆waaC12, ∆waaJ44 and ∆waaL46) induced higher immune responses and provided good protection against homologous S. Typhimurium. The OMPs from these three mutants were also selected to determine the cross-protective efficacy against homologous and heterologous serotype Salmonella. Our results indicated that the mutant ∆waaC12 can elicit higher cross-reactivity and can provide good protection against S. Choleraesuis and S. Enteritidis infection and that the cross-reactivity may be ascribed to an antigen of approximately 18.4–30 kDa.
Highlights
Salmonella enterica, which is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen, causes clinical epidemiology hazard in humans and animals [1,2,3]
Approximately 2.5 million cases of disease with approximately 4100 deaths per year result from non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS)-mediated infections, most of which are of children younger than three years, individuals with malaria or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults [5,6]
Typhimurium mutant strains using the parent strain S100, which was isolated from a duck infected with Salmonella [26] (Figures 1 and 2)
Summary
Salmonella enterica, which is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen, causes clinical epidemiology hazard in humans and animals [1,2,3]. Salmonella can be divided into two major groups based on the disease symptoms: typhoidal Salmonella and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). It has been estimated that non-typhoidal Salmonella causes over 93.8 million cases of gastroenteritis and even 155,000 deaths annually on a global scale [4]. Approximately 2.5 million cases of disease with approximately 4100 deaths per year result from NTS-mediated infections, most of which are of children younger than three years, individuals with malaria or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults [5,6]. Choleraesuis account for the majority of NTS cases worldwide [7]
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