Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has achieved great advancement in the past decades. Whereas, its response is largely limited in immunologically cold tumors, in an urgent need to be solve. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that inducing immunogenic cell deaths (ICDs) is an attractive approach to activate antitumor immunity. Upon specific stress, cancer cells undergo ICDs and dying cancer cells release danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), produce neoantigens and trigger adaptive immunity. ICDs exert a cancer vaccine-like effect and Inducement of ICDs mimics process of cancer vaccination. In this review, we propose a concept of ICD-based cancer vaccines and summarize sources of ICD-based cancer vaccines and their challenges, which may broaden the understandings of ICD and cancer vaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
Highlights
Cancer treatment has shifted from tumor cell-centric to tumor microenvironment (TME)-centric with an in-depth understanding of the constitution and function of TME [1]
The study showed that the RNA-LPX vaccine alone or combined with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) enhanced antitumor immunity, resulted in a better therapeutic response and confirmed that tumor associated antigens (TAAs)-based cancer vaccine could be utilized in immunotherapy [15]
It is worth noting that photodynamic therapy (PDT)’s effect on inducing immunogenic cell deaths (ICDs) and enhance tumor immunogenicity is reduced in hypoxic niche (21, FIGURE 2 | Process of inducing ICD-based cancer vaccines. (A) Vaccination with ICD inducers; (B) Vaccination with ICD cells
Summary
Cancer treatment has shifted from tumor cell-centric to tumor microenvironment (TME)-centric with an in-depth understanding of the constitution and function of TME [1]. They highlighted that ICDs induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy and cancer vaccines are potential approaches to activate and recruit T cells [2].
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