Abstract
According to an analysis of published data, only 20% of patients with the new coronavirus infection develop severe life-threatening complications. Currently, there are no known biomarkers, the determination of which before the onset of the disease would allow assessing the likelihood of its severe course. The purpose of this literature review was to analyze possible genetic factors characterizing the immune response to the new coronavirus infection that could be associated with the expression of angiotension-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and related proteins as predictors of severe Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We analyzed original articles published in Medline, PubMed and Scopus databases from December 2019 to November 2020. For searching articles, we used the following keywords: New coronavirus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, severe course, complications, thrombosis, cytokine storm, ACE-2, biomarkers. In total, 3714 publications were selected using the keywords, of which 8 were in congruence with all the criteria. The literature analysis of the association of immunogenic characteristics and the expression of ACE-2 and related proteins with the development of severe COVID-19 revealed following genetic factors: HLA-B*46:01 genotype, CXCR6 gene hypoexpression, CCR9 gene expression, TLR7, rs150892504 mutations in the ERAP2 gene, overexpression of wild-type ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and its different polymorphisms. Genes, associated with the severe course, are more common among men. According to the analysis data, it can be assumed that there are population differences. However, the diagnostic significance of the markers described must be confirmed with additional clinical studies.
Highlights
An outbreak of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was first identified in early December 2019 in the city of Wuhan and caused a global pandemic
We put forward a review exploring the existence of genetic factors characterizing the immune response in the new coronavirus infection, as well as genes associated with the expression of angiotension-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and related proteins
We propose two groups of possible biomarkers to predict the severe course of new coronWaveirpursoipnofseecttiwono—gmroaurpkserosfapsosossciibalteedbiwomithartkheerismtompurneedriectspthoensseevcheraeraccotuerrissetiocsf nanewd wcoirthonthaveierxupsriensfseicotnioonf—AmCaEr-k2esryssatessmocpiarotetedinwsi.th the immune response characteristics and with the expression of ACE-2 system proteins
Summary
An outbreak of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was first identified in early December 2019 in the city of Wuhan and caused a global pandemic. The life-threatening complications of the disease include cardiovascular disorders and systemic inflammatory response, which leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [3]. A severe course of the coronavirus infection develops in 14% of cases and is characterized by fever with severe dyspnea, respiratory failure, tachypnea (>30 breaths per min) and hypoxia (oxygen saturation SpO2 < 90% indoors). There is a relationship between the ACE-2 structure in the male population and various populations and different severity of the COVID-19 course In this regard, we put forward a review exploring the existence of genetic factors characterizing the immune response in the new coronavirus infection, as well as genes associated with the expression of ACE-2 and related proteins. The study’s purpose is to analyze the literature to determine possible biomarkers for the prediction of severe COVID-19 outcome
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