Abstract
Schistosomiasis is not a new disease. Although first described in depth in the early 1900s (Refs 1–3), it was evident in ancient Egyptian times, with one of the classic symptoms ‘urine in the blood' being described in the Ebers papyrus as the ‘ahaa' disease4. Such haematuria is also mentioned some 50 times in various other medical papyri5. The ancient Egyptians also wrote of boys becoming men when blood was seen in their urine, as this was likened to the young female's first menstruation6. Also archaeological evidence such as wall reliefs, hieroglyphs and papyri all confirm that their lifestyle encompassed activities such as bathing, fishing and playing in the Nile, and combined with bad sanitation habits, this would make almost everyone susceptible to this infection.
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