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Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are cell components implicated in plant-microbe interactions. Despite the significance of AGPs in response to stress factors, their distribution during development of fungal disease in fruit is unknown. In our work, in situ analysis of AGP arrangement in fruit inoculated with Penicillium spinulosum during the consecutive days of infection development was carried out. For immunolocalization of AGPs, samples were incubated with JIM13, MAC207, LM2, and LM14 antibodies recognizing the AGP carbohydrate moieties. To analyse cell walls without proper action of AGP, an experiment with β-glucosyl Yariv reagent specifically binding AGPs was performed. The results showed an increase of signal fluorescence in the fruit after 16 days of fungal disease. Higher amounts of the examined epitopes were observed in the infection-altered sites of the fruit, in close vicinity to a surface filled by fungal spores. The results indicate that the Yariv reagent treatment induced progress of the fungal disease. Changes in the AGP presence during the fungal disease confirmed their involvement in defence against pathogen attack in fruit.
Highlights
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are cell components implicated in plant-microbe interactions
Cleavage of GPI-anchored AGPs is important for plasma membrane-cell wall interactions and AGPs are proposed to play a role in cellular signalling[10]
The addition of the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent (β-GlcY) to the control apple fruit had no significant effect on the changes in apple tissue. These results indicate that the absence of proper cross-linking between AGPs and other cell wall constituents in stress conditions has an impact on the defence against fungal attack
Summary
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are cell components implicated in plant-microbe interactions. The involvement of AGPs in the relationship between plants and pathogens has been mainly studied in roots, where the occurrence of AGP-rich rhizodeposits improve plant condition and crop production Their connections with xylogalacturonan in biofilm secreted by infected roots provide anchorage for lignification and form a mechanical barrier impervious to fungal hyphae[13]. The cell wall disassembly activates a novel defence pathway and influences the course of infection by changing the accessibility of substrates to pathogen enzymes[18,19] None of these reports addressed the role of AGPs in fruit during fungal attack. Taking into account our previous results and the significant contribution of AGPs to root-pathogen interactions, in the current study, we considered the presumed response of AGPs to fungal disease in fruit. The selective binding to AGPs causes perturbation of their biological functions and gives a possibility of wide application of the β-GlcY as a tool to identify the roles of AGPs in plant physiology
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