Abstract
The scientific community has reported several cases of microbes that exhibit elevated rates of antibiotic resistance in different regions of the planet. Due to this emergence of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms, the use of antibiotics as promoters of livestock animals’ growth is being banned in most countries around the world. One of the challenges of agricultural immunology therefore is to find alternatives by modulating the immune system of animals in drug-independent safe food production systems. In this regard, in an effort to supplant antibiotics from bovine feeds, several alternatives were proposed including the use of immunomodulatory probiotics (immunobiotics). The purpose of this review is to provide an update of the status of the modulation of intestinal antiviral innate immunity of the bovine host by immunobiotics, and the beneficial impact of immunobiotics on viral infections, focused on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The results of our group, which demonstrate the capacity of immunobiotic strains to beneficially modulate Toll-like receptor 3-triggered immune responses in bovine IECs and improve the resistance to viral infections, are highlighted. This review provides comprehensive information on the innate immune response of bovine IECs against virus, which can be further investigated for the development of strategies aimed to improve defenses in the bovine host.
Highlights
Over the past decades, the global bovine production has been subjected to intensification, in order to improve efficiency of production because of the demand from a growing human population
In vitro studies showed that the challenge of bovine intestinal tissues with bovine rotavirus (BRV) or bovine coronavirus (BCV) activated TLR3, upregulated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and increase interleukin 6 (IL-6) production [4]. These findings indicate that bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cells are valuable tools for the in vitro study of immune responses mediated by TLR3 in bovine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)
As the duration and intensity of proinflammatory factors secretion after TLR3 activation by viral double-stranded genomic RNA (dsRNA) can become harmful to the host [51], we evaluated the levels of key inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in BIE cells including IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1
Summary
The global bovine production has been subjected to intensification, in order to improve efficiency of production because of the demand from a growing human population. The neonatal gastroenteritis in the bovine host is a multifactorial disease This disorder can be caused by different bacterial or viral pathogens, including bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine rotavirus (BRV), and bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) [4, 5]. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms with the capacity to confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts Among them, those that are able to impact on human and animal health by modulating the mucosal and systemic immune systems have been called immunobiotics. The results of our group, which demonstrate the capacity of immunobiotic strains to advantageously modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3-triggered immune responses in bovine IECs and improve the resistance to viral infections, are highlighted
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