Abstract
BackgroundImmunoregulatory probiotics (immunobiotics) have been proposed to improve piglets’ immune system to avoid intestinal infections and reduce unproductive inflammation after weaning. Previously, it was demonstrated that Lactobacillus jensenii TL2937 (LjTL2937) attenuated the inflammatory response triggered by activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) from porcine Peyer’s patches (PP).ObjectiveIn view of the critical importance of PIE-APCs interactions in the regulation of intestinal immune responses, we aimed to examine the effect of LjTL2937 on activation patterns of APCs from swine PPs in co-cultures with PIE cells. In addition, we investigated whether LjTL2937 was able to beneficially modulate intestinal immunity of piglets after weaning to improve immune-health status.ResultsStimulation of PIE-APCs co-cultures with LjTL2937 increased the expression of MHC-II, CD80/86, IL-10, and Bcl-3 in CD172a+CD11R1- and CD172a+CD11R1high APCs. In addition, the TL2937 strain caused the upregulation of three negative regulators of TLR4 in PIE cells: MKP-1, Bcl-3 and A20. These changes significantly reduced the inflammatory response triggered by TLR4 activation in PIE-APCs co-cultures. The in vivo experiments using castrated male piglets (crossbreeding (LWD) with Landrace (L), Large Yorkshire (W) and Duroc (D))of 3 weeks of age demonstrated that feeding with LjTL2937 significantly reduced blood complement activity and C reactive protein concentrations while no changes were observed in blood leukocytes, ratio of granulocytes to lymphocyte numbers, macrophages’ activity and antibody levels. In addition, treatment with LjTL2937 significantly improved growth performance and productivity, and increased carcass quality.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that the use of immunobiotics strains like LjTL2937, as supplemental additives for piglets feedings, could be used as a strategy to maintain and improve intestinal homeostasis; that is important for the development of the pig and for health and performance throughout the productive life of the animal.
Highlights
Immunoregulatory probiotics have been proposed to improve piglets’ immune system to avoid intestinal infections and reduce unproductive inflammation after weaning
We demonstrated that the use of immunobiotics strains like LjTL2937, as supplemental additives for piglets feedings, could be used as a strategy to maintain and improve intestinal homeostasis; that is important for the development of the pig and for health and performance throughout the productive life of the animal
We demonstrated that L. jensenii TL2937 stimulation of porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells results in upregulation of three negative regulators of Toll-like receptor (TLR), the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20, Bcell lymphoma 3-encoded protein (Bcl-3), and mitogenactivated protein kinase 1 (MPK-1), and that these effects are partially dependent on the activation of TLR2 [9]
Summary
Immunoregulatory probiotics (immunobiotics) have been proposed to improve piglets’ immune system to avoid intestinal infections and reduce unproductive inflammation after weaning. The neonatal pig is immunologically incompetent until about 4 weeks of age. In piglets, weaning involves multiple changes; they switch from a liquid to a solid diet, they are taken away from their mothers, and they are moved to unfamiliar buildings where they may be exposed to new environmental antigens. These changes trigger transit inflammatory responses in the gut that can contribute to anatomical and functional intestinal disorders [2,3,4]. Several attempts have been made to alleviate weaning stress and the related immunological disorders. Antibiotics have been applied widely to prevent and treat gastrointestinal infection in piglets, the promiscuous use of antibiotics resulted in the spread of resistant bacteria [6,7]
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