Abstract
This study analyzed the functional expression of TLR3 in various gastrointestinal tissues from adult swine and shows that TLR3 is expressed preferentially in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), CD172a+CD11R1high and CD4+ cells from ileal Peyer's patches. We characterized the inflammatory immune response triggered by TLR3 activation in a clonal porcine intestinal epitheliocyte cell line (PIE cells) and in PIE-immune cell co-cultures, and demonstrated that these systems are valuable tools to study in vitro the immune response triggered by TLR3 on IEC and the interaction between IEC and immune cells. In addition, we selected an immunobiotic lactic acid bacteria strain, Lactobacillus casei MEP221106, able to beneficially regulate the anti-viral immune response triggered by poly(I:C) stimulation in PIE cells. Moreover, we deepened our understanding of the possible mechanisms of immunobiotic action by demonstrating that L. casei MEP221106 modulates the interaction between IEC and immune cells during the generation of a TLR3-mediated immune response.
Highlights
The central challenge of the intestinal immune system is balancing defense with immunological tolerance, including responding to pathogens while coexisting with resident bacteria and food antigens
Since quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR) revealed that TLR3 mRNA is expressed in Peyer’s patches (PP) of adult swine, we determined which cells contribute the response against TLR3 agonists in this tissue
We analyzed the functional expression of TLR3 protein in immune cells from ileal PP
Summary
The central challenge of the intestinal immune system is balancing defense with immunological tolerance, including responding to pathogens while coexisting with resident bacteria and food antigens. TLR3 is a receptor for double-strand RNA (dsRNA) and upon recognition of its ligand, TLR3 transmits signals that activate the transcription factors IRF-3, NF-kB, The cascade of events triggered upon TLR3 engagement by viral and synthetic dsRNA has been extensively studied in different cell models and a number of events and key molecules involved, such as adaptor proteins and transcription factors have been described. The majority of these studies aimed at dissecting the mechanisms of TLR3 function have been mostly performed in mice and human cells [7]. No further studies have been performed regarding the functional role of TLR3 in the immune responses against porcine viral diseases
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