Abstract
One of the main characteristics of probiotics is their ability to stimulate and modulate the immune response regardless of their viability. Lactobacillus casei (Lc) can stimulate local and systemic immunity, in addition to the activation of macrophages at sites distant from the intestine. Activated macrophages limit the replication of intracellular protozoa, such as Toxoplasma gondii, through the production of nitric oxide. The present study aimed to evaluate the protection generated by treatment with viable and non-viable Lc in the murine systemic toxoplasmosis model. CD1 male mice were treated with viable Lc (immunobiotic) and non-viable Lc (paraprobiotic), infected with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. The reduction of the parasitic load, activation of peritoneal macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, and cell populations was evaluated at 7 days post-infection, in addition to the survival. The immunobiotic and paraprobiotic reduced the parasitic load, but only the immunobiotic increased the activation of peritoneal macrophages, and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) while the paraprobiotic increased the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and T CD4+CD44+ lymphocytes. Viable and non-viable Lc increases survival but does not prevent the death of animals. The results provide evidence about the remote immunological stimulation of viable and non-viable Lc in an in vivo parasitic model.
Highlights
Probiotics are defined by Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization as ‘live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer benefits to the health of the host’ [1]
To demonstrate the degree of damage generated by intraperitoneal inoculation of tachyzoites of T. gondii RH, the peritoneum organs were exposed
The group5softr1e2 ated with immunobiotics (Figure 1c) and paraprobiotics (Figure 1d) showed inflammation of the intestinesrmoawunnsd)oabpniodotoipcroso(fiFribfgirbuorroessi1iscs,) wwanhhdicipchahcroacpvoerovrebedirotethidcesst(phFlieegeusnrpeol1nedley)ns(bholounweleyadst(ienbrflilsuakmes)m,awsattiietohrniasolkfotsshs)e,oiwfnntieotshrtminaaelslol(irvseesdrof normal liver colorcaotlioornat.ion
Summary
Probiotics are defined by Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization as ‘live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer benefits to the health of the host’ [1]. There is evidence that the immune stimulation of a probiotic microorganism is independent of the cell viability. In this sense, the term paraprobiotic (ghost probiotics) was proposed to all non-viable microbial cells that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer benefits to the host [3]. The beneficial effects of LcS on allergies, irritable bowel disease (IBD), and autoimmune diseases have been confirmed through experimental models. It suggests that LcS increases the host’s immune response against cancer and infections and controls the excessive immune response to inhibit inflammatory processes [5]
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