Abstract
Early stage diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is challenging without significant motor symptoms. The identification of effective molecular biomarkers as a hematological indication of PD may help improve the diagnostic timelines and accuracy. In the present paper, we analyzed and compared the blood samples of PD and control (CTR) patients to identify the disease-related changes and determine the putative biomarkers for PD diagnosis. Based on the RNA sequencing analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the co-expression network of DEGs was constructed using the weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The analysis leads to the identification of 87 genes that were exclusively regulated in the PD group, whereas 66 genes were significantly increased and 21 genes were significantly decreased in contrast with the control group. The results indicate that the core lncRNA–mRNA co-expression network greatly changes the immune response in PD patients. Specifically, the results showed that Prader Willi Angelman Region RNA6 (PWAR6), LINC00861, AC83843.1, IRF family, IFIT family and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMK4) may play important roles in the immune system of PD. Based on the findings from the present study, future research aims at identifying novel therapeutic strategies for PD.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world [1]
A total of 716 up-regulated and 648 down-regulated genes were identified to be significant (P-value
We identified the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)–mRNA co-expression network associated with the immune microenvironment
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world [1]. The diagnosis of early-stage PD is difficult, because motor symptoms are only observable in late-stage PD with over 50% of dopaminergic neurons loss in the substantia nigra [3]. Diagnosis methods for PD using non-motor symptoms are either not fully developed or not widely accepted by the clinical practices due to the limited effectiveness and accessibility [4]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a precise measurand for the diagnosis of PD [5], the painful procedure, limited accessibility, and high cost may drive patients away from such diagnosis methods. While various researches have proposed alternative, accessible methods for the early-stage diagnosis of PD, effective biomarkers are yet to be identified
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