Abstract
Bladder urothelial carcinoma can be a devastating disease and has profound personal and socioeconomic impact. It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the USA: nearly 77 000 people were newly diagnosed in 2016, and more than 16 000 individuals died. 1 Siegel RL Miller KD Jemal A Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016; 66: 7-30 Crossref PubMed Scopus (21953) Google Scholar Bladder urothelial carcinoma also has a high prevalence (over 450 000 in the USA) and tends to recur (in 50–80% of cases depending on disease stage), necessitating intense life-long surveillance. Urothelial carcinoma is, in most high-income countries, one of the most expensive cancers to treat on a per-patient basis. 2 Svatek RS Hollenbeck BK Holmäng S et al. The economics of bladder cancer: costs and considerations of caring for this disease. Eur Urol. 2014; 66: 253-262 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (333) Google Scholar Fortuitously, after decades of inertia because of an almost complete lack of awareness and interest, progress in immune oncology is awakening new hopes and opportunities. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trialNivolumab monotherapy provided meaningful clinical benefit, irrespective of PD-L1 expression, and was associated with an acceptable safety profile in previously treated patients with metastatic or surgically unresectable urothelial carcinoma. Full-Text PDF
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