Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that may cause a wide range of infections and is a frequent cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections. It is a successful pathogen due to its collective virulence factors and its ability to evade the host immune systems. The review aims to highlight how S. aureus destroys and damage the host cells and explains how immune cells can respond to this pathogen. This review may also provide new insights that may be useful for developing new strategy for combating MRSA and its emerging clones such as community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA).
Highlights
Described in 1878, staphylococci, Gram-positive cocci that have been implicated in infections involving multiple systems of the human body, including the skin and soft tissue, the skeletal system, the respiratory system, the bloodstream, and more recently, infections involving implanted medical devices[1,2]
This review aims to provide and updated literature survey on epidemiology, virulence and pathogenicity as well as interaction mechanisms with host immune system by S. aureus
The activation of this system occurred via specific pathways which lead to activate other important cells such as neutrophils and macrophages in order to eliminate and remove the pathogen from the host
Summary
Described in 1878, staphylococci, Gram-positive cocci that have been implicated in infections involving multiple systems of the human body, including the skin and soft tissue, the skeletal system, the respiratory system, the bloodstream, and more recently, infections involving implanted medical devices[1,2]. Despite being a commensal in human and animals, S. aureus is a virulent bacterium that are able to produce number of toxins and enzymes which allow this bacterium to be able to invade human body and cause wide range of infections, some of which may be considered as life-threatening diseases (Table 1) in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals[5, 6]. Some strains of S. aureus are resistant to a wide range of antibacterial agents, some of which show multiple resistance (resistant to three or more classes of antibacterial agent), The most clinically important strains are the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which are implicated in a large number of hospital and community acquired infections.
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