Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.
Highlights
Herpes simplex virus belongs to the Herpesviridae family, a group of spherical viruses measuring120–200 nm
The authors had earlier shown that COR-1 induces a balanced adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune response in mice, and protected mice challenged with a lethal dose of Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 [142], and was shown to elicit minimal adverse effects when tried in healthy volunteers [116]
Virus invasion is normally followed by activation of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which through the production of NK cells, recognize the glycoprotein present on HSV
Summary
Herpes simplex virus belongs to the Herpesviridae family, a group of spherical viruses measuring. These viruses cause lifelong infections that are among the most common viral infections worldwide [1,2,3]. As part of the global effort to control the infections caused by these viruses, many vaccines have been developed [4,5,6,7,8]; to date, none has been licensed for use in humans. It is believed that one of the major problems with vaccine development against HSV is the complex interactions that exist between the immune response and the virus. HSV possesses a repository of arsenals that ensures its successful replication in the human host. The interplay between these arsenals and the immune system determines an outcome. Vaccines 2020, 8, 302 knowledge of the immune response can and has been used in the development of a functional vaccine against HSV
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