Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules embodied with a protein toxin and a ligand which is either a growth factor or an antibody. The ligand part of the immunotoxin recognizes and binds to an antigen of the target cell, allowing the internalization of the toxin,moiety and permitting its drift to the cytoplasm where it can destroy the cell. Target specificity of the chimeric protein is determined via the binding attributes of the chosen antibody. Predominantly, immunotoxins are purposefully constructed to slay cancer cells as part of novel treatment approach. In addition they are also used for various autoimmune, viral and other infectious diseases. With the advent of biotechnology, recombinant immunotoxins have been created and are clinically tested to target malignant cells. Our article summarizes foremost progress in the development of immunotoxin based therapeutics and presents a comprehensive portrayal of the immunotoxin generation.
Highlights
Agents with the narrow therapeutic efficacy have limited utility, for treating aggressive diseases, as the dose escalation is restricted by the toxicity of the agent (Vedi and Ziegler, 2014)
Both Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) and Diptheria toxin (DT) catalyze the ADP-ribosylation of histidine-699 of Elongation Factor-2, which is post-translationally modified to a diphthimide residue
Among them Denileukin Diftitox, known as ‘DAB389 interleukin 2 (IL2)’ or ‘Ontak’ is a fusion protein designed to unswerving a truncated form of DT to cells that articulate the high-affinity IL2 receptor (consisting of the following subunits: CD25 (IL2Rα), CD122 (IL2Rβ), and CD132 (IL2Rγ)) exist in different hematologic malignancies like adult T cell leukemia (ATL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (HL/Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)), cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and other leukemias and lymphomas
Summary
Agents with the narrow therapeutic efficacy have limited utility, for treating aggressive diseases, as the dose escalation is restricted by the toxicity of the agent (Vedi and Ziegler, 2014). Protein toxins having target specificity are the latest trend of the therapeutic market. During the last two decades, scientific advances have facilitated the processing and manoeuvring of biological substances; among which are toxic polypeptides and their encoding genes These protein toxins gave an innovative insight to the therapeutics and are frequently referred as ‘Toxin based Therapy’. The immunotoxins have been created by conjugating an antibody to a whole protein toxin and for more discerning activity, by means of a protein toxin deprived of its natural binding domain. Various viral and autoimmune diseases can be treated with the help of immunotoxins (Dosio et al, 2014; Mathew and Verma, 2009; Wu, 1997; De Lorenzo and D'Alessio, 2008)
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