Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapies have been shown to be extremely successful in the treatment of cancer, with clinical utilization already established for suppressing CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1. The CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab and the PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab were demonstrated to improve survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given approval to certain matching medications for the medical care of various tumors based on these targets. The current study also confirms the potential of these immune checkpoints and inhibitors to treat hepatocellular carcinoma. The objective of ongoing research is to integrate immune checkpoint therapy into hepatocellular carcinoma management, either as a standalone treatment or in combination with other therapeutic modalities, to enhance patient outcomes and survival. In this review, the specific roles and mechanisms of immune checkpoints and inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma are presented, as well as summarizing the current progress in their therapeutic use in the treatment of HCC and discussing their directions.
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