Immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors

Abstract

<p indent=0mm>The immune system plays an important role in the treatment of tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors represented by monoclonal antibodies have achieved success in the field of anti-tumor and changed the pattern of tumor treatment. In this paper, we review immune checkpoint inhibitors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1/PD-L1) pathway, and new immune checkpoint targets. We also summarize the clinical applications and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Key problems remain to be solved, such as how to identify the benefit population, how to manage irAEs better, and how to overcome drug resistance.