Abstract
Clear cell histology is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Immune dysregulation and angiogenic pathways are the main drivers of the pathophysiology of RCC. The prognosis of metastatic RCC has very steadily improved from the era of interferon-alpha to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and then with immune checkpoint inhibitors (IOs). The safety and efficacy of both TKIs and IOs as well as the dire unmet need of further improvement in survival has unfolded the feasibility of successful conduction of IO based combination therapy trials. This has led to the approval of IO-IO and IO-TKI combinations, altering the treatment algorithm altogether once again. In this review, we are trying to look at the robustness of IO–antiangiogenic drugs combination data in upfront setting and its real-life application.
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