Abstract
Immune cells were traditionally considered as major pro-inflammatory contributors. Recent advances in molecular immunology prove that immune cell lineages are composed of different subsets capable of a vast array of specialized functions. These immune cell subsets share distinct duties in regulating innate and adaptive immune functions and contribute to both immune activation and immune suppression responses in peripheral tissue. Here, we summarized current understanding of the different subsets of major immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. We highlighted molecular characterization, frequency, and tissue distribution of these immune cell subsets in human and mice. In addition, we described specific cytokine production, molecular signaling, biological functions, and tissue population changes of these immune cell subsets in both cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Finally, we presented a working model of the differentiation of inflammatory mononuclear cells, their interaction with endothelial cells, and their contribution to tissue inflammation. In summary, this review offers an updated and comprehensive guideline for immune cell development and subset differentiation, including subset characterization, signaling, modulation, and disease associations. We propose that immune cell subset differentiation and its complex interaction within the internal biological milieu compose a “pathophysiological network,” an interactive cross-talking complex, which plays a critical role in the development of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
Highlights
The innate and adaptive immune system have been traditionally recognized mostly as the cellular response of immune cells, including T cells (TC), B cells (BC), dendritic cells (DC), monocytes (MC), and macrophages (MØ)
long-term hematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) divisions can result in self-renewal or differentiation into multipotent and lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitor cells, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLP), common myeloid progenitors (CMP), and granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP), all of which lack or have limited self-renewal capacity
Rearrangements at the immunoglobulin locus result in the generation and surface expression of the pre-B cell receptor, and a mature BCR that is capable of binding antigen
Summary
The innate and adaptive immune system have been traditionally recognized mostly as the cellular response of immune cells, including T cells (TC), B cells (BC), dendritic cells (DC), monocytes (MC), and macrophages (MØ). Molecular immunology research advanced this classical immunology concept with the discovery of subsets of each immune cell lineage. Between 1983 and 1992, the first major immune cell subsets were discovered [1,2,3,4,5]. General processes of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation The classical hematopoietic process has been updated in recent years, with the addition of committed common monocyte progenitors (CMoP) and granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP)-independent monocyte-macrophage/ dendritic lineage-restricted progenitor (MDP) arising from common myeloid progenitors (CMP) [8]. LT-HSC divisions can result in self-renewal or differentiation into multipotent and lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitor cells, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLP), CMP, and GMP, all of which lack or have limited self-renewal capacity.
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