Abstract
In this study, immobilization process of the three (3) powder CFAs was studied. The major results on immobilization process were briefly presented. A total number of fifteen (15) column studies from the combination of the five (5) types of CFAs beads and the three (3) PMEs samples were performed. In each column study, a set of aggregate parameters of flow rate, empty bed contract time, operational time, and throughput volume was studied, and the data was fitted to existing modeling of breakthrough curves. The overall operational time was 12–24-hour, color removal efficiencies were 40–90%, and throughput volume of treated PMEs was 10–14 bed volume. For the column study, the correlation coefficient R2 value for each combination indicated that the Thomas model had a better fit with the observed data than the Adams-Bohart model, and the color adsorption capacities of CFA beads varied in a wide range of 0.31–28.23 mg/g.
Highlights
As one of the dominant industries in Georgia, USA, the pulp and paper industries consume huge amounts of fresh water and a wide variety of chemicals during pulp production processes
In each batch trial during the immobilization process, coal fly ash (CFA) beads were produced with small spherical shape and maintained CFA grayish original color
From the immobilization studies, both hydrated lime and the Class “C” of CFA1 were found to be cost-effective binders for Class “F” CFA2 or CFA3 in addition to water, while water only was the cost-effective binder for Class “C” CFA1
Summary
As one of the dominant industries in Georgia, USA, the pulp and paper industries consume huge amounts of fresh water and a wide variety of chemicals during pulp production processes. A significant amount of water and these chemicals are released as high pollutant load with intense color effluent into surface water bodies [1]. Pulp and paper mill effluents (PPMEs) transport high concentrations of organic/inorganic pollutants and color compounds like lignocellulosic compounds, tannins, hemicelluloses, pectin, resin acids, unsaturated fatty acids, carboxylic acid, and other substances [2]. These untreated effluents are responsible for increasing the levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), adsorbable organic halides (AOXs), toxic contaminants, and heavy metals in the water ecosystem [3]. PPMEs must be treated before they are discharged into receiving water bodies.
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