Immobilization of heavy metal(loid)s in acid paddy soil by soil replacement-biochar amendment technology under normal wet condition.

Abstract

The remediation of agricultural soil contaminated by acid mine drainages (AMD) with extreme acidity and elevated concentrations of metal(loid)s still remains to be solved. In the present study, the combination of soil replacement-biochar (BC) amendment was adopted in 270-day incubation experiments to evaluate the effect on the metal(loids) (As, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) immobilization and soil properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), redox potential (Eh), and soil water holding capacity (SWC)). The incubation study showed that soil replacement-biochar amendment improved soil health by changing soil properties, which in turn exhibited significant effects on CaCl2-extracted metal(loid)s. The combination of soil replacement and biochar amendment exhibited positive effect on the immobilization of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn, while, the risk of As and Cd mobility induced by biochar in the ageing process should be paid attention. Further laboratory seed germination study suggested that soil replacement-biochar amendment could effectively alleviate the stress of metal(loid)s, with the treatment of S50BC achieving the best remediation results. The results of this study suggested that soil replacement-biochar amendment was a promising remediation technology for agricultural soil contaminated by AMD. Graphical abstract.