Immobilization and hip fracture

Abstract

Hip fracture is among the most common causes of acute immobilization in elderly patients, and elderly patients with hip fracture are at high risk for a subsequent hip fracture. At baseline, both groups had high serum concentrations of ionized calcium, high urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD) concentrations, suggesting immobilization-induced hypercalcemia. We previously showed deficiency of vitamins D and K(1) causes reduced bone mineral density (BMD) in female Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In a random and prospective study of AD patients, 100 patients received 45 mg menatetrenone, 1,000 IU ergocalciferol and 600 mg calcium daily for 2 years, and the remaining 100 (untreated group) did not. Treatment with MK-4 and vitamin D(2) with calcium supplements increases the BMD in elderly female patients with AD and leads to the prevention of nonvertebral fractures. The risk of hip fracture after stroke is 2 to 4 times as high as that in age-matched healthy controls. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for both ischemic stroke and osteoporotic fractures in elderly persons. Randomized, controlled, double-blinded study of 628 consecutive elderly hemiplegic patients at least 1 year following first ischemic stroke. Patients were assigned to daily oral treatment with 5 mg of folate and 1,500 microg of mecobalamin or double placebos, and 559 completed the 2 year follow up. Plasma homocysteine levels in the decreased by 38% in the treatment group and increased by 31% in the placebo group. The number of the hip fractures per 1,000 patient-years was 10 and 43 for the treatment and placebo groups, respectively (p<0.001). In this Japanese population with a high baseline fracture risk, combined treatment with folate and vitamin B(12) is safe and effective in reducing the risk of a hip fracture in elderly stroke patients. Because of limited study power, the relative risk reduction may only be around 0.5.