Abstract
BackgroundImmigrant women living with HIV generally have worse adherence to medical treatment and follow-up when compared to native women and immigrant or native men. The general aim of this study was to improve healthcare services for HIV-positive women and to better understand why some of them discontinue treatment. The specific objectives were: (1) to explore the barriers and facilitators to medical follow-up among women and (2) to use the findings to create a guide for healthcare professionals with strategies and tools to encourage the immigrant women to continue with their healthcare treatment.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative, patient-centred research based on semi-structured interviews in order to understand the drivers and barriers for HIV positive immigrant women to adhere to medical follow-up. A total of 26 women in active or discontinued treatment (from sub-Saharan Africa (10), Latin America (8) and Spain (8)) were interviewed in 2012 using a purposive sampling methodology. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analysed based on the grounded theory approach and the framework method. Three researchers took part in the triangulation of results.The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal.ResultsThe study revealed eight categories that impacted adherence to treatment and medical follow-up: doctor-patient relationship, relationship between body and HIV, employment, gender roles, representations of AIDS, emotional support received, trust in biomedical system, and psychological condition. Specific barriers and facilitators related to these categories were identified. In immigrant women, the influence of these barriers was greater than in Spanish women.Recommendations for healthcare professionals based on this study have been compiled in an informative brochure.ConclusionsSocial, cultural, and psychological aspects as well as self-perception of body changes, gender roles, and the relationship with the healthcare system, are key elements that may affect the adherence to medical treatment of immigrant women living with HIV.Qualitative research focused on the comprehensive experience of living with HIV can be useful for creating tools that pave the way to detect barriers and facilitators to medical follow-up in specific populations.
Highlights
Immigrant women living with HIV generally have worse adherence to medical treatment and follow-up when compared to native women and immigrant or native men
Another of the investigations focusing on HIV positive immigrant women showed that religion, the migration process and the stigma associated with AIDS significantly influenced how they dealt with the infection [16]
The second criterion was adherence, in order to find the barriers and facilitators to HIV medical follow-up, a comparison was made between women who interrupted the treatment and those who had a correct adherence
Summary
Immigrant women living with HIV generally have worse adherence to medical treatment and follow-up when compared to native women and immigrant or native men. In the United Kingdom, a study revealed that sub-Saharan patients were taking traditional medicines to treat HIV without informing their doctors, showing the influence of cultural conceptions in regards to HIV treatment [15]. Another of the investigations focusing on HIV positive immigrant women showed that religion, the migration process and the stigma associated with AIDS significantly influenced how they dealt with the infection [16]. The language gap has been described as a factor that influences their vulnerability to the HIV [17] and campaigns aimed at preventing and treating the disease are often not adequate for immigrant women because of their language constraints
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