Abstract
The aim of this study was the assessment of the relationship between cigarette smoking and optic nerve and macular vessel density measured by optical coherence tomography angiography. We examined 30 eyes from 30 healthy habitual smokers. The examination was performed using a high-speed and high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography RTVue XR Avanti with AngioVue (Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA) with a split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm. Blood pressure, heart rate, vascular density in the area of the optic nerve head (4.5*4.5 mm) and vascular density with the foveal avascular zone in the central macula (3.0*3.0 mm) were measured and analyzed before, immediately after and 30 minutes after cigarette smoking. Quantitative measurements were carried out by AngioAnalytics Phase 7 software. Immediately after smoking both heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly (p < 0.001) compared to values before smoking and then significantly decreased after 30 minutes comparing to values obtained right after smoking (p < 0.001). The mean area of the foveal avascular zone, parafoveal vessel density, and peripapillary vessel density did not change significantly. Our results show no immediate influence of smoking on vessel density parameters measured by specific OCTA machine in healthy habitual smokers.
Highlights
Imaging blood vessels in the posterior segment is essential in the diagnostics of retinal and choroidal vascular disorders
Our results are one of few which show the lack of immediate effects of cigarette smoking on the vascular density of central retina and optic disc region in healthy habitual smokers obtained by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)
Despite significant changes in the parameters determining the work of the cardiovascular system, we did not observe parallel changes in parameters reflecting the retinal circulation
Summary
Imaging blood vessels in the posterior segment is essential in the diagnostics of retinal and choroidal vascular disorders. OCTA compared to traditional angiography such as fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine angiography is non-invasive because no intravenous contrast is required[3,4] Another advantage of this method is the possibility of analyzing superficial and deep retinal vasculature separately[5]. OCTA is useful in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring in several retinal and choroidal abnormalities[6,7] These diseases include, but are not limited to, central serous chorioretinopathy[8], age-related macular degeneration[9], diabetic retinopathy[10], and glaucoma[11]. The effect of smoking on the vascular network of optic disc and macula has already been investigated using various methods, including fluorescein angiography[16,17,18] and OCTA, we believe that by considering additional factors, our study may result in a more accurate description of the influence of nicotine on the fundus circulation
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