Abstract
Since the first virtual Youtuber appeared on YouTube in late 2016, the VTuber industry has become increasingly popular in recent years. While most research focuses on the reasons for VTubers popularity and the characteristics of virtual YouTubers, this article reveals the possible labour exploitation and the precarious working conditions faced by VTubers. Through the analysis of the immaterial labour produced by the Nakanohitos behind VTubers, this article argues that Vtubers are more likely to suffer from precarious working conditions. With an in-depth case study, it then illustrates the current social context for cultural workers like VTubers, and how precarity is manifested among them.
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