Imidazophenothiazine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with Ultra-Long-Lived Excited States for Energy Transfer Photocatalysis.

Abstract

Triplet-triplet energy transfer (EnT) is a powerful activation pathway in photocatalysis that unlocks new organic transformations and improves the sustainability of organic synthesis. Many current examples, however, still rely on platinum-group metal complexes as photosensitizers, with associated high costs and environmental impacts. Photosensitizers that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are attractive fully organic alternatives in EnT photocatalysis. However, TADF photocatalysts incorporating heavy atoms remain rare, despite their utility in inducing efficient spin-orbit-coupling, intersystem-crossing, and consequently a high triplet population. Here, we describe the synthesis of imidazo-phenothiazine (IPTZ), a sulfur-containing heterocycle with a locked planar structure and a shallow LUMO level. This acceptor is used to prepare seven TADF-active photocatalysts with triplet energies up to 63.9 kcal mol-1. We show that sulfur incorporation improves spin-orbit coupling and increases triplet lifetimes up to 3.64 ms, while also allowing for tuning of photophysical properties via oxidation at the sulfur atom. These IPTZ materials are applied as photocatalysts in five seminal EnT reactions: [2 + 2] cycloaddition, the disulfide-ene reaction, and Ni-mediated C-O and C-N cross-coupling to afford etherification, esterification, and amination products, outcompeting the industry-standard TADF photocatalyst 2CzPN in four of the five studied scenarios. Detailed photophysical and theoretical studies are used to understand structure-activity relationships and to demonstrate the key role of the heavy atom effect in the design of TADF materials with superior photocatalytic performance.