Abstract
Taking the findings of the previous chapter, this chapter turns to examine the influence of physical, social, and psychological factors on the prisoners’ perception of identity, tradition, culture, and proper behaviour. Focusing on several themes, the chapter argues that in the stressful physical and emotional environment of captivity, minor distinctions among the prisoners assumed profound meaning. The harsher the conditions, the deeper the conflicts became among the prisoners. Yet, the physical environment and precariousness of life in captivity were not the only factors in different levels of conflict among the two locations of captivity. The presence of German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners in Russia added to the stress of captivity for those who feared that national and cultural distinctions were fading away as some Ottomans emulated European manners. Differences forged under harsh conditions in Russia helped define more sharply what represented proper culture, tradition and behaviour.
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