Abstract
Two-dimensional, Knight-shifted, T 2-contrasted 23Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of an all-solid-state cell with a Na electrode and a ceramic electrolyte is employed to directly observe Na microstructural growth. A spalling dendritic morphology is observed and confirmed by more conventional post-mortem analysis; X-ray tomography and scanning electron microscopy. A significantly larger 23Na T 2 for the dendritic growth, compared with the bulk metal electrode, is attributed to increased sodium ion mobility in the dendrite. 23Na T 2-contrast MRI of metallic sodium offers a clear, routine method for observing and isolating microstructural growths and can supplement the current suite of techniques utilised to analyse dendritic growth in all-solid-state cells.
Highlights
Two-dimensional, Knight-shifted, T2-contrasted 23Na magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of an all-solid-state cell with a Na electrode and a ceramic electrolyte is employed to directly observe Na microstructural growth
The limited due to the deficiency of 23Na nuclear spins in this spalling nature of the microstructural growth seen here has no structure, despite this, the dendrite is still observable in distinct directionality, with respect to the magnetic field (B0, Figure 1 b), no obvious secondary peak formation is observed in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) spectra (Figure S2b)
There are two possible reasons for not notably detecting an increase in 23Na signal, the first is that large spherical spalling morphology of the dendritic growth does not reduce the skin depth and secondly the size of the parallel component of the dendrite may be below the limit www.angewandte.org
Summary
Two-dimensional spin-echo Knight-shift 23Na MRI images parts of the dendrite causing Joule heating, which burns away of the symmetrical all-solid-state Na j Na-b’’-Alumina j Na the thinnest sections of the dendrite. A thorough description of the experimental setup is 1131 ppm),[9,12] this is due to orientation dependant nature of given in the SI (Figure S1) These intensity images show that the Knight shift.[16] The shift is smaller than that observed in the amount of signal originating from the dendritic feature is 7Li as Na has a reduced bulk magnetic susceptibility.[2] The limited due to the deficiency of 23Na nuclear spins in this spalling nature of the microstructural growth seen here has no structure, despite this, the dendrite is still observable in distinct directionality, with respect to the magnetic field (B0, Figure 1 b), no obvious secondary peak formation is observed in the MRS spectra (Figure S2b). Reasons for not notably detecting an increase in 23Na signal, the first is that large spherical spalling morphology of the dendritic growth does not reduce the skin depth and secondly the size of the parallel component of the dendrite may be below the limit www.angewandte.org
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