Abstract
Hyperpolarization is one of the approaches to enhance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) signal by increasing the population difference between the nuclear spin states. Imaging hyperpolarized solids opens up extensive possibilities, yet is challenging to perform. The highly populated state is normally not replenishable to the initial polarization level by spin-lattice relaxation, which regular MRI sequences rely on. This makes it necessary to carefully “budget” the polarization to optimize the image quality. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework to address such challenge under the assumption of either variable flip angles or a constant flip angle. In addition, we analyze the gradient arrangement to perform fast imaging to overcome intrinsic short decoherence in solids. Hyperpolarized diamonds imaging is demonstrated as a prototypical platform to test the theory.
Highlights
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is central to many chemical, biological and material analysis due to the rich chemical information it can provide [1,2]
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), as the imaging counter part of NMR, is a powerful tool in medicine and biology [3,4]. The sensitivity of both techniques relies on nuclear spin polarization, which is intrinsically low at thermal equilibrium
While the methods of hyperpolarization can be applied in both liquids and solids, hyperpolarized solids are attractive as an imaging agent in nano-medicine [8], or as a polarization hub to deliver hyperpolarization for general chemicals [9]
Summary
NMR is central to many chemical, biological and material analysis due to the rich chemical information it can provide [1,2]. MRI, as the imaging counter part of NMR, is a powerful tool in medicine and biology [3,4]. The sensitivity of both techniques relies on nuclear spin polarization, which is intrinsically low at thermal equilibrium. One compelling approach to tackle this insensitivity is hyperpolarization. This approach brings the nuclear spin polarization level beyond thermal equilibrium to produce many orders of magnitude higher signal. While the methods of hyperpolarization can be applied in both liquids and solids, hyperpolarized solids are attractive as an imaging agent in nano-medicine [8], or as a polarization hub to deliver hyperpolarization for general chemicals [9]. Challenges remain on how to image hyperpolarized solids given the none-replenishable nature of the polarization and short coherence times of solids
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