Abstract
Microwave photons inside lattices of coupled resonators and superconducting qubits can exhibit surprising matter-like behavior. Realizing such open-system quantum simulators presents an experimental challenge and requires new tools and measurement techniques. Here, we introduce Scanning Defect Microscopy as one such tool and illustrate its use in mapping the normal-mode structure of microwave photons inside a 49-site Kagome lattice of coplanar waveguide resonators. Scanning is accomplished by moving a probe equipped with a sapphire tip across the lattice. This locally perturbs resonator frequencies and induces shifts of the lattice resonance frequencies which we determine by measuring the transmission spectrum. From the magnitude of mode shifts we can reconstruct photon field amplitudes at each lattice site and thus create spatial images of the photon-lattice normal modes.
Highlights
Impressive experimental advances over the last two decades have turned the idea of quantum simulation [1] into a reality [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]
A variety of physical implementations of analog quantum simulators exist, and their primary focus has been the realization of models in equilibrium, often close to zero temperature—the paradigmatic example being the study of the Bose-Hubbard model with ultracold atoms inside an optical lattice [2,3]
We present the fundamental basics of scanning defect microscopy and illustrate its use in obtaining images of the normal modes inside a photonic kagome lattice of microwave resonators
Summary
Impressive experimental advances over the last two decades have turned the idea of quantum simulation [1] into a reality [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. One suggested physical realization of photon-based quantum simulation consists of microwave photons inside large networks of superconducting resonators and circuits. Indirect information about the bulk of interior lattice sites To overcome these limitations, here we introduce scanning defect microscopy—a novel scanning-probe imaging technique applicable to coupled resonator and cQED arrays (Fig. 1). We acquire these images by monitoring variations in microwave transmission when selectively altering the photon occupancy in one resonator This is accomplished by positioning a small piece of dielectric precisely above the surface of a targeted resonator inside the lattice. Scanning the dielectric probe across the lattice and analyzing the systematic changes in the transmission spectrum due to the lattice defect reveal local information which is used, in our example, to image the normal-mode photon occupancies across the resonator lattice. Obtaining images of the normal modes inside a photonic kagome lattice of microwave resonators
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