Abstract
Imaging the changes associated with the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) broadly falls into two categories: (1) detecting alterations in brain structure; and (2) examining functional changes in brain metabolism and receptor availability. Using high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), brain structural changes can be evidenced as regional or whole-brain reductions in volume, signal alterations in water relaxation, water diffusion (diffusion-weighted or tensor imaging), and magnetization transfer coefficients. Transcranial ultrasonography can detect structural midbrain changes in parkinsonian disorders, manifested as hyperechogenicity. Functional imaging (positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)) provide a means of detecting and characterizing the regional changes in brain metabolism and receptor binding associated with parkinsonian disorders. PET allows quantitative in vivo examination of alterations in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), glucose, oxygen and dopa metabolism, and brain receptor binding.
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