Abstract
Morphological characteristics of liposomes, such as size and lamellarity directly impact their quality and biological performance of encapsulated drug. Gaining insights into these parameters mayalso help ensure identification and utilization ofmost efficient processparameters for liposomesmanufacturing. Direct imaging of such self-assembling colloidal structures, although challenging, is feasible through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which uses nanometer scale wavelength of electronsfor illumination, enabling an accurate assessment of the morphological characteristics of liposomes. This chapter willprovide background information on the working principle and general sample preparation procedure for the two most commonly used TEM techniques for imagingliposomes, viz. negative staining transmission electron microscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy.
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