Imaging mitochondrial palladium species in living cells with a NIR iridium(III) complex

Abstract

The wide use of palladium (Pd) raises the concern about environmental pollution and human diseases, evoking the need for the development of detection methods for Pd species. However, the development of near-infrared (NIR) luminescence probes for subcellular Pd species remains challenging. In this work, we presented a NIR iridium(III) complex-based luminescence probe for the detection of Pd0 species through incorporating an allyl group and amino group into the N^N ligand. We found that the probe was capable of detecting Pd0 species with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.5 μM. Importantly, cell imaging experiments showed that the probe is applicable for visualizing mitochondrial Pd0 ions in living cells, which are also suitable for Pd(II) species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first NIR luminescence imaging probe for the detection of mitochondria Pd species in living cells, paving the way for studying subcellular distributions and related toxicity analysis of exogenous Pd species in living cells.