Abstract
Over the last decade, an important challenge in nanomedicine imaging has been the work to design multifunctional agents that can be detected by single and/or multimodal techniques. Among the broad spectrum of nanoscale materials being investigated for imaging use, iron oxide nanoparticles have gained significant attention due to their intrinsic magnetic properties, low toxicity, large magnetic moments, superparamagnetic behaviour and large surface area—the latter being a particular advantage in its conjunction with specific moieties, dye molecules, and imaging probes. Tracers-based nanoparticles are promising candidates, since they combine synergistic advantages for non-invasive, highly sensitive, high-resolution, and quantitative imaging on different modalities. This study represents an overview of current advancements in magnetic materials with clinical potential that will hopefully provide an effective system for diagnosis in the near future. Further exploration is still needed to reveal their potential as promising candidates from simple functionalization of metal oxide nanomaterials up to medical imaging.
Highlights
Over the past century, the field of molecular imaging in living systems has expanded tremendously [1]
The synthesis process time is approximately an hour and magnetic nanoparticles are collected by centrifugation, but the high temperatures, expensive toxic reagents, and the laborious purification steps of the final product all hamper its implementation in biomedical applications
Sun et al [160] investigated the in vitro ability of chitosan iron oxide nanoparticles to be used for dual-mode US/MR imaging and concluded that they showed potential as efficient contrast agents
Summary
The field of molecular imaging in living systems has expanded tremendously [1]. Molecular imaging modalities include, for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical bioluminescence, optical fluorescence, targeted ultrasound (US), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) [2]. The database covers data published in peer-reviewed scientific journals from 2004 up to 2013, updated annually It includes nearly 1444 agents developed for MRI, PET, SPECT, US, CT, optical, planar radiography, and planar gamma imaging. Taking into account all of the available presented data, the main objective of this review paper was to outline multifunctional magnetic tracers as single/multi-modality imaging probes. We reviewed both the key technical principles of magneticbased materials and the ongoing advancement toward an ideal contrast agent. This work reviewed multifunctional polymeric chain designs employed as the shell, followed by in vivo imaging evaluations on experimental animals using different imaging techniques and the current success of magnetic materials as contrast agents in clinical trials
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