Abstract
The impact of floods is the most severe among the natural calamities occurring in Malaysia. The knock of floods is consistent and annually forces thousands of Malaysians to relocate. The lack of information from the Ministry of Environment and Water, Malaysia is the foremost obstacle in upgrading the flood mapping. With the expeditious evolution of computer techniques, processing of satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images for river hydromorphological feature detection and flood management have gathered pace in the last two decades. Different image processing algorithms—structure from motion (SfM), multi-view stereo (MVS), gradient vector flow (GVF) snake algorithm, etc.—and artificial neural networks are implemented for the monitoring and classification of river features. This paper presents the application of the k-means algorithm along with image thresholding to quantify variation in river surface flow areas and vegetation growth along Kerian River, Malaysia. The river characteristic recognition directly or indirectly assists in studying river behavior and flood monitoring. Dice similarity coefficient and Jaccard index are numerated between thresholded images that are clustered using the k-means algorithm and manually segmented images. Based on quantitative evaluation, a dice similarity coefficient and Jaccard index of up to 97.86% and 94.36% were yielded for flow area and vegetation calculation. Thus, the present technique is functional in evaluating river characteristics with reduced errors. With minimum errors, the present technique can be utilized for quantifying agricultural areas and urban areas around the river basin.
Highlights
Floods have been the most damaging disasters in Malaysia for a long time
The present work only focuses on water area and vegetation growth in order to enumerate their variation
Sunlight and water reflectance that are denoised to an extent by the application of the filter influences the various forms of vegetation along the river basin and flow area
Summary
The rise in sea level due to climate change, population growth, and abrupt urbanization have given rise to frequent flood disasters in many countries around the globe. Those living near the seashore and rivers are the most affected due to floods, which often force them to rehabilitate and disturbs their life. The consequences of floods in Malaysia include loss of human and animal life, destruction of infrastructures, and crumbling health conditions. In Malaysia, the National Security Council is responsible for flood management by implementing new techniques for flood control, forecasting, Sustainability 2021, 13, 9568.
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