Abstract
The work function of substrate can be sharply reduced by ETMs with an image-force induced double dipole.
Highlights
Electron transport materials (ETMs) are widely used as interlayers to lower the cathode electrode work function in organic solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes, for example
From the photoelectron spectroscopy results, we demonstrate that pristine BPhen interlayers show a 1.4 eV downshift compared to the ideal integer charge transfer (ICT) curve, which we attribute to an interface double dipole step, as the dipole potential step exists only in the first layer of the substrate surface
Using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) we measure the work function of BPhen deposited on a series of substrates
Summary
Electron transport materials (ETMs) are widely used as interlayers to lower the cathode electrode work function in organic solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes, for example. The charges and their respective image charges together create the interface ‘‘double dipole step’’ as shown in Fig. S1b (ESI†).[44] For the n-doping case, the negative polaron (anion) on the host polymer is more delocalized to the surface compared to the large donor molecule (cation); while for the oxygen exposure, the small and highly mobile negatively charged O2 will obtain the more intimate contact to the substrate surface.
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